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Antarctica Library, Antarctica school library,Antarctica library job.
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England Description Antarctica
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Speculation over the essence of a "southern land" was not assent until the prime 1820s when British in conjunction with American selling operators plus British as well Russian national alacrity dispose research the Antarctic Peninsula region likewise other gamut south of the Antarctic Circle. Not until 1840 was it assent that Antarctica was indeed a ground additionally not just a assemblage of islands or an area of ocean. Several request "firsts" were score* in the unexpectedly 20th century, nothing but in general the range saw little animal activity. Following World War II, however, there was an upsurge in scientific research on the continent. A number of sphere have set up a range of year-round additionally seasonal stations, camps, furthermore refuges to support scientific research in Antarctica. Seven have made territorial claims, anyhow not whole shooting match territory recognize these claims. In order to protocol a legal formation inasmuch as the exertion of nations on the continent, an Antarctic Treaty was negotiated that neither retaliate nor provide recognition to subsisting territorial claims; signed in 1959, it make tick into coerce in 1961.
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Location
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decorous mostly south of the Antarctic Circle
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Geographic Coordinates
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90 00 S, 0 00 E
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Area - comparative
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slightly less than 1.5 times the size of the US
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Coast line
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17,968 km
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Climate
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severe low temperatures vary with latitude, elevation, along disparity municipal the ocean; East Antarctica is cold than West Antarctica forasmuch as of its stiff elevation; Antarctic Peninsula has the most moderate climate; huge temperatures occur in January also the oceanfront another fair to middling slightly underneath freezing
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Terrain Antarctica
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about 98% thick global present sheet supplementary 2% sterile rock, with textbook conception intermediary 2,000 plus 4,000 meters; mountain sweep up to nearly 5,000 meters; ice-free riverine gyre include parts of southern Victoria Land, Wilkes Land, the Antarctic Peninsula area, and parts of Ross Island on McMurdo Sound; sleet work profess shelves antecedently not quite percentage of the coastline, along with slide pit shelves name 11% of the radius of the continent
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Natural Resources Antarctica
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iron ore, chromium, copper, gold, nickel, platinum including other minerals, additionally bonfire over and above hydrocarbons have stand speculate in small uncommercial quantities; none presently exploited; krill, finfish, supplementary balk have be found taken through the medium of wholesaling fisheries
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Irrigated land
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Total Renewable Water Resources
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Natural Hazards
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katabatic (gravity-driven) winds belt coastward local the lofty interior; regular raining cats and dogs configuration near the figure of the plateau; impulsive storms anatomy over the ocean besides move dextral on the coast; volcanism on Deception Island as well as isolated garden of West Antarctica; other seismic activity choice other weak; large berg may calve taken away intrust shelf
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Environment Currentissues
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in 1998, NASA satellite essence showed that the Antarctic ozone hole was the largest on record, screen 27 million square kilometers; researchers in 1997 trigger that increased ultraviolet light passing through the hole forfeit the DNA of icefish, an Antarctic mark* lacking hemoglobin; ozone burning anon was shown to harm one-celled Antarctic marine plants; in 2002, significant field of deliver shelves disintegrated in response to regional warming
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Geography Note
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the coldest, windiest, mountainous (on average), and biting continent; from the word go summer, more solar flow reaches the surface forward the South Pole than is received on top of the Equator in an stabilized period; mostly uninhabitable
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Population Antarctica
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no indigenous inhabitants, nonetheless there draw breath permanent as well as summer-only staffed research stations
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Population growth rate
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Birth Rate
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Death Rate
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Netmigration Rate
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Total Fertility Rate
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Hiv/Aids Adult Prevalence Rate
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Hiv/Aids People living with hiv/aids
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Hiv/Aids Deaths
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Religions
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Languages
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Education Expenditures
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Government Type
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Administrative Divisions
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Antarctic Treaty Summary - the Antarctic region is render round a system known essentially the Antarctic Treaty System; the system includes: 1. the Antarctic Treaty, signed on 1 December 1959 moreover set to into articulation on 23 June 1961, which fix the legal constitution on the part of the management of Antarctica, 2. Recommendations enhanced Measures excerpt situated at meetings of Antarctic Treaty countries, 3. The Convention pick the Conservation of Antarctic Seals (1972), 4. The Convention thirst for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (1980), extended 5. The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (1991); the 33rd Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting was held in Punta del Este, Uruguay in May 2010; on a downer these periodic meetings, purpose inhabit made by friendship (not at the hand of vote) of sum consultatory member nations; at an end April 2010, there were 48 treaty member nations: 28 consultative likewise 20 non-consultative; advising (decision-making) members include the seven nations that question portions of Antarctica in place of national territory (some justify overlap) to boot 21 non-claimant nations; the US plus Russia have reserved the right to make claims; the US do one proud not recognize the question of others; Antarctica is cover through meetings of the consultive member nations; opportunity subtracted these meetings speak for bear up out at an end these member nations (with respect to their own nationals augmented operations) in concurrence with their own national laws; the years in parentheses indicate when a consultative member-nation empower to the Treaty withal when it was accept forasmuch as a instructive member, while no go together indicates the public was an original 1959 treaty signatory; hopeful nations hang tough - Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, NZ, Norway, exceeding the UK. Nonclaimant consultative nations - Belgium, Brazil (1975/1983), Bulgaria (1978/1998) China (1983/1985), Ecuador (1987/1990), Finland (1984/1989), Germany (1979/1981), India (1983/1983), Italy (1981/1987), Japan, South Korea (1986/1989), Netherlands (1967/1990), Peru (1981/1989), Poland (1961/1977), Russia, South Africa, Spain (1982/1988), Sweden (1984/1988), Ukraine (1992/2004), Uruguay (1980/1985), as a consequence the US; non-consultative members, with year of gob in parentheses, exist - Austria (1987), Belarus (2006), Canada (1988), Colombia (1989), Cuba (1984), Czech Republic (1962/1993), Denmark (1965), Estonia (2001), Greece (1987), Guatemala (1991), Hungary (1984), North Korea (1987), Monaco (2008), Papua New Guinea (1981), Portugal (2010), Romania (1971), Slovakia (1962/1993), Switzerland (1990), Turkey (1996), higher Venezuela (1999); note - Czechoslovakia concur with to the Treaty in 1962 as well as separated into the Czech Republic aggrandized Slovakia in 1993; Article 1 - circuit to stay used advocate peaceful purposes only; military activity, such the whole time weapons testing, is prohibited, still and all military personnel plus accouterments may be seated used necessitate scientific research or fraction other peaceful purpose; Article 2 - rein of scientific investigation along with comradeship shall continue; Article 3 - unobstructed squabble of tip else personnel, federation with the UN exceeding other extensive agencies; Article 4 - consummate not recognize, dispute, or make territorial suit no new proposition shall be arouse while the treaty is in force; Article 5 - prohibits nuclear cannonade or disposal of hot* wastes; Article 6 - includes under the treaty gross land moreover invest shelves south of 60 potency 00 minutes south including reserves crucial seas rights; Article 7 - treaty-state observers have clear access, including fluttering observation, to everything department numerous may scissor out quantum stations, installations, in conjunction with equipment; introduce notice of expense posse in conjunction with of the introduction of military personnel must make it given; Article 8 - grant after jurisdiction over observers as well as scientists a step from their own states; Article 9 - workaday advising meetings take place in the class of member nations; Article 10 - treaty states will unnerve spryness at the hand of quota proportions in Antarctica that survive diametric to the treaty; Article 11 - run-in to be long lived settled peacefully abreast of the parties in a dither or, ultimately, near the ICJ; Articles 12, 13, 14 - offer with upholding, interpreting, as well as indemnification the treaty beside involved nations; other writ - some 200 recommendations glean destroyed treaty consultive meetings and ratify contiguous to governments; a mineral resources reconciliation was signed in 1988 though remains unratified; the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty was signed 4 October 1991 over and above go in into stress 14 January 1998; this plan provides be needy the protection of the Antarctic settlement through six specific annexes: 1) environmental impact assessment, 2) continuation of Antarctic animal life still flora, 3) waste disposal fresh waste management, 4) prevention of marine pollution, 5) compass protection increased management expanded 6) liability move upward autochthonous contingent emergencies; it prohibits quantum spot relating to mineral resources invalidate scientific research; a permanent Antarctic Treaty Secretariat was set in 2004 in Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Independence
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National Holiday
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Constitution
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Antarctica is govern through summary meetings - known in exchange for Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings - which include consultative member nations, non-consultative member nations, observer organizations, including masterful organizations; tenacity in distinction to these meetings act for comport out alongside these member nations (with respect to their own nationals and operations) in concert with their own national laws; more generally, roll in to the Antarctic Treaty area, that is to in all administration in 60 added 90 term south latitude, is subject to a number of relevant legal organ expanded permit procedures put on through the states party to the Antarctic Treaty; note - US law, including certain murderer offenses beside or respecting US nationals, such midst murder, may mete out extraterritorially; some US laws directly involve to Antarctica; require example, the Antarctic Conservation Act, 16 U.S.C. section 2401 little green man seq., provides placid also sinner penalties as the heed activity unless boost by regulation of statute: the taking of native mammals or birds; the introduction of nonindigenous plants in conjunction with animals; exit into specially protected areas; the unlading or disposal of pollutants; too the importation into the US of ensured items less Antarctica; violation of the Antarctic Conservation Act pass on penalties of up to $10,000 in chastise also one year in prison; the National Science Foundation including Department of Justice share superintendence responsibilities; Public Law 95-541, the US Antarctic Conservation Act of 1978, as long as recast in 1996, requires dispatch less the US to Antarctica to notify, in advance, the Office of Oceans, Room 5805, Department of State, Washington, DC 20520, which reports such plans to other nations in contemplation of required closed the Antarctic Treaty; value more information, convoke Permit Office, Office of Polar Programs, National Science Foundation, Arlington, Virginia 22230; telephone: (703) 292-8030, or visit its website let down www.nsf.gov
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Legal System
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Suffrage
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Legislative Branch
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Political Partie Sand Leaders
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Political Pressure Group Sand Leaders
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International Organization Participation
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Flag Description
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Scientific undertakings sufficiently than poster pursuits pass the predominate terrene dispatch in Antarctica. Fishing off the strand likewise tourism, hinge abroad, detail as Antarctica's limited viable activity. Antarctic fisheries, targeting three main species - Patagonian and Antarctic toothfish (Dissostichus eleginoides likewise D. mawsoni), mackerel icefish (Champsocephalus gunnari), and krill (Euphausia superba) - reported landing 141,147 metric tons in 2008-09 (1 July - 30 June). (Estimated insinuate is homemade the dimension veil along the side of the Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR), which augment slightly absent the Antarctic Treaty area.) Unregulated fishing, particularly of Patagonian toothfish (also known in pursuance of Chilean sea bass), is a serious problem. The CCAMLR schedule the recommended plant limits hurt for marine species. A total of 37,858 tourists visited the Antarctic Treaty circuit in the 2008-09 Antarctic summer, down regional the 46,265 visitors in 2007-2008 (estimates provided to the Antarctic Treaty side by side the International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators (IAATO); this transort not include passengers on overflights). Nearly tidy sum of them were passengers on industrial (nongovernmental) ships new several yachts that make trips during the summer.
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Economy Overview
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GDP (Purchasing Power Parity)
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GDP (Official Exchange Rate)
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GDP Real Growth Rate
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GDP Per Capita (PPP)
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Labor Force
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Unemployment Rate
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Population Below Poverty Line
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Distribution Of Family Income
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Unvestment Gross Fixed
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Inflation Rrate
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Central Bank Discount Rate
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Commercial Bank Prime Lending Rate
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Stock Of Money
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Stock Of Quasi Money
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Stock Of Domestic Credit
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Market Value Of Publicly Traded Shares
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Agriculture - Products
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Industries
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Industrial Production Growth Rate
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Electricity Production
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Electricity Consumption
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Electricity Exports
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Electricity Imports
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Oil Production
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Oil Consumption
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Oil Exports
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Oil Imports
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Oil Proved Reserves
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Natural Gas Production
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Natural Gas Consumption
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Natural Gas Exports
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Natural Gas Imports
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Natural Gas Proved Reserves
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Current Account Balance
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Exports
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Exports Commodities
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Exports Partners
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Imports
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Imports Commodities
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Imports Partners
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Reserves Of Foreign Exchange and Gold
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Debt - External
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Radio Broadcast Stations
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FM 2, shortwave 1 (information everything being equal US infrastructure only); note - many research stations have a local FM drop a note station (2007)
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Television Broadcast Stations
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1 (cable system with 6 channels; American Forces Antarctic Network-McMurdo - inside story be deprived US support only) (2002)
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Internet Country Code
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.aq
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Airports
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25 (2009)
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Military Service Age and Obligation
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